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对一件转化型抢劫案的思考/李宜仁

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对一件转化型抢劫案的思考

案例:某日,被告人陈某伙同罗某、皮某商量去扒钱过年.当日上午,陈某等三人在某县城郊段上了一辆客车伺机扒窃,不久,被害人况某和高某也上了同一辆客车,被告人陈某在况找座位时乘机扒况的钱(况身上有500元钱)当场被况撮住,陈某当即否认扒钱的事实,并呆用暴力抗拒抓捕,对况某,高某进行殴打,造成二人身体多次软组织损伤(属轻微伤),终因况等人抓住不放,陈某被派出所干警抓获归案,检察机关对陈某的转化型抢劫罪(未遂)且属在公共交通工具上抢劫,向法院提起公诉,法院以转化型抢劫罪(既遂)判处陈某有期徒刑四年。本案是转化型抢劫罪的一例典型案例,针对本案判决笔者认为有三个问题值得探讨。
一、转化型抢劫罪的犯罪构成问题根据《刑法9第269条规定:‘犯盗窃,诈骗,抢夺罪,为窝藏赃物、抗拒抓捕或者毁灭罩证而当场使用辱力或者以暴力相减胁的,依照本法第263奈的规定定罩处罚。”根据本条规定,行为人“犯盗窃。诈骗,抢夺罪:为窝藏赃物,抗拒抓捕或者毁灭罪证的目的面“当场使用暴力或者以暴力相威胁的,以抢劫罪定罪量刑二那么转化型抢劫罪的前提是必须构成盗窃。诈骗,抢夺罪还是具有盗窃。诈骗、抢夺行为即可呢?对此,在刑法理论界和司法实践中,都有不同的观点,一种观点认为,构成转化型抢劫罪的前提必须是构成盗窃,诈骗、抢夺罪,印上述三种行为必须达到犯罪程度才存在转化的问题,认为根据罪刑法定原则,我们不能作出其前提行为(盗窃,诈骗,抢夺)可以不构成犯罪也定抢劫罪的解释。另一种观点认为,转化的前提奈件是行为实施了盗窃、诈骗,抢夺行为,面不论行为人的该行为是否构成犯罪。笔者同意后一种观点。
首先,抢劫罪是一种严重侵犯公民人身,财产安全的犯罪,抢劫罪的客体既侵犯公民财产杈也侵犯公民人身权利。它的严重社会危害性主要在于它是一种(以非法占有财产为目的)的暴力犯罪,也成为司法实践打击的重点之一。而转化型抢劫罪也是抢劫罪,立法者把这类行为规定按抢劫罪处理,正是因为它的严重社会危害性特征,行为人实施该种行为造成的危害不会低于行为人直接施行抢劫行为对被害人造成的伤害(包括物质和精神),因此,转化型抢劫罪的构成前提同样不必具备数颧标准。只有这样,才能做到罚当其罪,从而符合罪刑相适应原则,否则就会出现类似情节,量刑差别撮大的情形。
其次,符合有关法律规定。本条规定和原刑法153条的规定是一样的。最高人民法院、最高人民检察院在1988年3月16日《关于如何适用刑法第153条的批复》中规定:被告人实施盗窃、诈骗、抢劫行为虽未达到数额较大,但情节严重的可按抢劫罪处罚,如果情节不严重,危害不大,不认为是犯罪。该司法解释既未被明确取消,亦无新的相关解释,我们应把它当成对新型法第269条的解释。当然,为了避免执法中对此条文理解的不同,建议立法机关对本条款作一些技术上的修改。
二、转化型抢劫罪的既遂与未遂问题
在司法实践中,对转化型抢劫的既未遂问题存在不同的观点,一种认为只要行为实施了盗窃、诈骗、抢夺行为,同时为了窝藏赃物,抗拒抓捕或毁灭罪证而当场使用暴力或以暴力相威胁的,就转化为抢劫罪,应以抢劫既遂认定,如本案法院的认定。另一种观点认为,应根据行为人是否取得财物或对被害人造成的伤害程度决定。笔者认为,认定转化刑抢劫罪既遂、未遂应根据构成本罪的主客观要件来决定。
(1)符合普通抢劫罪既遂条件的,应定为既遂。
(2)虽未取得财物,但使用暴力行为达到了拒抗抓捕、毁灭证据的目的,也应定为抢劫既遂。因本条规定了行为人主观上除具有取得财物的目的外,在转化过程中,还需有抗拒抓捕、毁灭证据的主观目的(由于未取得财物,故不存在窝藏赃物),当行为人使用暴力或以暴力相威胁达到一定目的的,既符合转化型抢劫罪的全部构成要件,应以抢劫罪(既遂)量刑处罚。
三、本案是否属“在公共交通工具上抢劫”的行为
所谓“公共交通工具”是指从事旅客运输的各种公共交通工具,如公共汽车、火车、轮船、飞机等。对于发生在公共交通工具上的因实施盗窃、诈骗、抢夺行为,转化为抢劫罪是否以“在公共交通工具上抢劫”处罚,在处理中有三种观点:第一种认为,凡 转化型抢劫罪均不能以在公共工具上抢劫处罚,只是以普通抢劫论处。第二种观点认为,凡是盗窃、诈骗、抢夺行为或暴力行为两项行为中有一种发生在公共交通工具上的都应以在公共交通工具上抢劫论处。第三种观点认为只有两项行为都发生在公共交通工具上时才能以在公共交通工具上抢劫论处。笔者同意第三种观点。
(1)在公共交通工具上发生转化型抢劫罪应按在公共交通工具上抢劫罪处刑。根据刑法第269条规定,即“犯……罪的”,依照本法第263条规定定罪处罚,也就说以抢劫罪定罪,那么量刑呢?根据263条规定,抢劫罪的量刑幅度有二档,凡是符合八种情节之一的,应按第二档处刑。如多次实施转化型抢劫罪或造成其他严重后果的,同理,发生在公共交通工具上的转化型抢劫罪也应以在公共交通工具上抢劫处刑。
(2)《刑法》规定的特殊场所转化型抢劫罪的构成必须符合本条规定的全部要件,在公共交通工具上转化为抢劫罪的应是在公共交通工具上实施了盗窃、诈骗、抢夺行为,且当场在公共交通工具上使用了暴力或暴力胁迫的行为,而对只有前提行为或只有转化的行为发生在公共交通工具上的可能是当场,但相对于公共交通工具而言不是“当场”,不能认定为在公共交通工具上抢劫。对于前提行为和转化行为均发生在公共交通工具上的应当以在公共交通工具上抢劫定罪量刑。故对陈某的行为为应认定在公共交通工具上抢劫,按269条处型第二档规定量刑。
综上所述,笔者认为,本案中法院以抢劫罪定罪是恰当的,但认为转化型抢劫罪均属既遂犯罪是错误的,且不认定被告人的行为属在公共交通工具上抢劫是不符合法律规定的。

作者:江西省上高县人民检察院 李宜仁

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中华人民共和国测绘成果管理规定(附英文)

国务院


中华人民共和国测绘成果管理规定(附英文)

(1989年3月21日中华人民共和国国务院令第32号公布 自1989年5月1日起施行)

规定
第一条 为加强对则绘成果的管理,保证测绘成果的合理利用,提高测绘工作的经济效益和社会效益,更好地为社会主义现代化建设服务,制定本规定。
第二条 本规定所称测绘成果,是指在陆地、海洋和空间测绘完成的下列基础测绘成果和专业测绘成果:
(一)天文测量、大地测量、卫星大地测量、重力测量的数据和图件;
(二)航空和航天遥感测绘底片、磁带;
(三)各种地图(包括地形图、普通地图、地籍图、海图和其他有关的专题地图等);
(四)工程测量数据和图件;
(五)其他有关地理数据;
(六)与测绘成果直接有关的技术资料等。
第三条 国务院测绘行政主管部门主管全国测绘成果的管理和监督工作,并负责组织全国基础测绘成果及其有关专业测绘成果的接收、搜集、整理、储存和提供使用。
省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门主管本行政区域内测绘成果的管理和监督工作,并负责组织本行政区域内基础测绘成果以及有关专业测绘成果的接收、搜集、整理、储存和提供使用。
国务院有关部门和省、自治区、直辖市人民政府有关部门负责本部门专业测绘成果的管理工作。
军队测绘主管部门负责军事部门测绘成果的管理工作。
第四条 测绘成果应当实行科学管理,建立健全规章制度,运用现代科学技术手段,及时、准确、安全、方便地提供使用。
第五条 测绘成果应当根据公开(公开使用、公开出版)和未公开(内部使用、保密)的不同性质,按照国家有关规定进行管理。
第六条 基础测绘成果保密等级的划分、调整和解密,经国务院测绘行政主管部门会同军队测绘主管部门商国家及军队保密主管部门决定后,由国务院测绘行政主管部门发布。
专业测绘成果保密等级的划分、调整和解密,由有关专业测绘成果管理部门确定,并报同级测绘行政主管部门备案;其密级不得低于原使用的地理底图和其他基础测绘成果的密级。
各部门、各单位使用保密测绘成果,必须按照国家保密法规进行管理。保密测绘成果确需公开使用的,必须按照国家规定进行解密处理。
保密测绘成果的销毁,应当经测绘成果使用单位的县级以上主管部门负责人批准,严格进行登记、造册和监销,并向提供该成果的管理机构备案。
第七条 国务院有关部门和地方有关部门完成的基础测绘成果以及有关专业测绘成果,必须依照规定按年度分别向国务院测绘行政主管部门或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门汇交下列成果目录或者副本:
(一)天文测量、大地测量、卫星大地测量、重力测量的数据和图件的目录及副本(一式一份);
(二)航空、航天遥感测绘底片和磁带的目录(一式一份);
(三)地形图、普通地图、地籍图、海图、其他重要专题地图的目录(一式一份);
(四)正式印制的各种地图(一式两份);
(五)有关重大工程测量的数据和图件目录(一式一份)。
第八条 外国人经中华人民共和国政府或者其授权部门批准,在中华人民共和国境内及境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内单独测绘或者与中华人民共和国有关部门合作测绘的成果,依据本规定进行管理,其成果的所有权属分别为:
(一)外国人或者外国人与中华人民共和国有关部门合作在中华人民共和国境内测制的测绘成果,均属中华人民共和国所有;
(二)外国人与中华人民共和国有关部门合作在中华人民共和国境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内测制的测绘成果,应当在不违反本规定的前提下,由双方按合同规定分享;
(三)外国人在中华人民共各国境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内测制的测绘成果,必须向中华人民共和国测绘行政主管部门提供全部测绘成果的副本或者复制件。
第九条 需要使用其他省、自治区、直辖市的基础测绘成果的单位,必须持本省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门的公函,向该成果所在省、自治区、直辖市的测绘行政主管部门办理使用手续。
需要使用其他省、自治区、直辖市专业测绘成果的单位,按专业成果所属部门规定的办法执行。
第十条 军事部门需要使用政府部门测绘成果的,由总参谋部测绘主管部门或者大军区、军兵种测绘主管部门,通过国务院测绘行政主管部门或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门统一办理。
政府部门或者单位需要使用军事部门测绘成果的,由国务院测绘行政主管部门或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门,通过总参谋部测绘主管部门或者大军区、军兵种测绘主管部门统一办理。
第十一条 测绘行政主管部门应当对本行政区域内测制的测绘成果负责质量监督管理。
各有关部门和单位测制的测绘成果,必须经过检查验收,质量合格后方能提供使用。
第十二条 测绘成果实行有偿提供。有偿提供测绘成果的办法和收费标准由国务院测绘行政主管部门商有关测绘成果的管理部门后,会同国务院物价行政主管部门另行规定。
第十三条 测绘成果不得擅自复制、转让或者转借。确需复制、转让或者转借测绘成果的,必须经提供该测绘成果的部门批准;复制保密的测绘成果,还必须按照原密级管理。
受委托完成的测绘成果,受托单位未经委托单位同意不得复制、翻印、转让、出版。
第十四条 国务院有关部门对外提供中华人民共和国未公开的测绘成果,必须报经国务院测绘行政主管部门批准。地方有关部门和单位对外提供中华人民共和国未公开的测绘成果,必须报经省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门批准。为了确保重要军事设施的安全保密,各送
审单位对外提供未公开的测绘成果的具体办法,按国务院的有关规定执行。
第十五条 中华人民共和国境内及境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内的重要地理数据(包括位置、高程、深度、面积、长度等),应当经国务院测绘行政主管部门审核报国务院批准后,由国务院或者其授权部门发布。
第十六条 对测绘成果管理做出重大贡献或者显著成绩的单位和个人,予以表扬或者奖励。
第十七条 测绘成果质量不合格给用户造成损失的,由该测绘成果的测绘单位赔偿直接经济损失,并负责补测或者重测;情节严重的,由测绘行政主管部门处以罚款或者取消其相应的测绘资格。
第十八条 有下列行为之一的单位,按以下规定,给予行政处罚:
(一)对违反国家规定的测绘成果收费标准,擅自提价收取测绘成果费用的,依照《中华人民共和国价格管理条例》的规定没收其非法所得,可以并处相当于非法所得金额三至五倍的罚款;
(二)对发生重大测绘成果泄密事故的,由测绘行政主管部门给予通报批评,并按本规定第十九条规定追究单位负责人的责任。
(三)对未经提供测绘成果的部门批准,擅自复制、转让或者转借测绘成果的,由测绘行政主管部门给予通报批评,可以并处罚款。
第十九条 有下列行为之一的个人,由其所在单位或者该单位的上级主管机关给予行政处分;构成犯罪的,由司法机关依法追究刑事责任:
(一)丢失保密测绘成果,或者造成测绘成果泄密事故的;
(二)未按本规定第十四条规定履行报批手续,擅自对外提供未公开的测绘成果的;
(三)测绘成果管理人员不履行职责,致使测绘成果遭受重大损失,或者擅自提供未公开的测绘成果的;
(四)测绘成果丢失或者泄密造成严重后果以及对造成测绘成果丢失或者泄密事故不查处的单位负责人。
第二十条 当事人对行政处罚决定不服的,可以在接到处罚通知次日起十五日内,向作出处罚决定部门的上级行政主管部门申请复议;对复议决定不服的,可以在接到复议决定次日起十五日内,向人民法院起诉;当事人也可以在接到处罚通知次日起十五日内,直接向人民法院起诉,期满不起诉又不执行的,由作出处罚决定的行政主管部门申请人民法院强制执行。
第二十一条 省、自治区、直辖市人民政府,国务院有关部门和军队,可以依照本规定结合实际制定实施办法。
第二十二条 本规定由国务院测绘行政主管部门负责解释。
第二十三条 本规定自1989年5月1日起施行。

PROVISIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CONCERNING THE AD-MINISTRATION OF ACHIEVEMENTS IN SURVEY AND DRAWING

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
PROVISIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CONCERNING THE AD-
MINISTRATION OF ACHIEVEMENTS IN SURVEY AND DRAWING
(Promulgated by Decree No. 32 of the State Council of the People's
Republic of China on March 21, 1989 and effective as of May 1, 1989)
Article 1
These Provisions are formulated with a view to strengthening the
administration of achievements in survey and drawing, ensuring the
rational use of achievements in survey and drawing, and increasing the
economic and social benefits of survey and drawing so as to render a
better service in socialist modernization.
Article 2
The "achievements in survey and drawing", as mentioned in these
Provisions, refer to the following achievements in basic survey and
drawing and in specialized survey and drawing that are completed on land,
at seas and oceans, and in space:
(1) the data and pictures from astronomical survey, geodetic survey,
geodetic survey completed on artificial satellites, and gravitational
survey;
(2) the data, recorded on negatives and magnetic tapes, that are collected
from aerial survey and airborne remote sensing survey;
(3) various kinds of maps (including topographic maps, ordinary maps, land
registry maps, sea charts, and other relevant specialized maps);
(4) the data and pictures from engineering survey;
(5) other relevant geographical data; and
(6) technical data directly related to achievements in survey and drawing.
Article 3
The competent authorities for the administration of survey and drawing
under the State Council shall be in charge of the administration of and
supervision over the achievements in survey and drawing of the whole
country, and shall also be responsible for the organizational work for the
reception, collection, sorting out, storage, and provision for use, on a
nationwide scale, of the achievements in basic survey and drawing and the
relevant achievements in specialized survey and drawing. The competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under the
people's governments of various provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be in charge of
the administration of and supervision over the achievements in survey and
drawing within their respective administrative areas, and shall also be
responsible for the organizational work for the reception, collection,
sorting out, storage, and provision for use, within their respective
administrative areas, of the achievements in basic survey and drawing and
the relevant achievements in specialized survey and drawing.
The departments concerned under the State Council and the departments
concerned under the People's governments of various provinces, autonomous
regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be
responsible for the administration of the achievements in specialized
survey and drawing of their respective departments. The competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing in the armed
forces shall be responsible for the administration of the achievements in
survey and drawing in military departments.
Article 4
With respect to achievements in survey and drawing, scientific
administration shall be practised, rules and regulations be instituted and
perfected and modern scientific and technical means be employed so as to
provide the achievements for timely, accurate, safe and convenient use.
Article 5
The achievements in survey and drawing shall, in light of their different
natures-those open to the public (i.e. to be openly used, or openly
published), and those kept from the public (i.e. to be used only within
restricted departments, or kept confidential), be administered in
accordance with the relevant regulations of the State.
Article 6
The security classification, readjustment, and declassification of
achievements in basic survey and drawing shall be promulgated by the
competent authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under
the State Council after the competent authorities for the administration
of survey and drawing under the State Council and the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing in the armed
forces have jointly consulted with the competent authorities for guarding
secrets of both the State and the armed forces.
The security classification, readjustment, and declassification of
achievements in specialized survey and drawing shall be determined by the
department concerned for the administration of achievements in specialized
survey and drawing and they shall also be reported to the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing at the same level
for the record; and their classes of security shall not be lower than
those of the originally used geographical base maps and of other
achievements in basic survey and drawing.
Various departments and units must, in using classified achievements in
survey and drawing, carry out administration in accordance with the
relevant laws and regulations of the State on guarding secrets. In the
event that classified achievements in survey and drawing have to be used
openly, they must go through the process of declassification in accordance
with the relevant regulations of the State.
The destruction of classified achievements in survey and drawing shall be
approved by the person in charge of the competent authorities at or above
the county level of the user unit of the said achievements in survey and
drawing. The classified achievements in survey and drawing to be destroyed
shall be duly registered and recorded, and then destroyed under
supervision; and the destruction shall also be reported, for the record,
to the administrative department that had provided the said achievements.
Article 7
With respect to the achievements in basic survey and drawing and the
relevant achievements in specialized survey and drawing made by the
departments concerned under the State Council and by the local departments
concerned, the departments mentioned above must submit annually, in
accordance with pertinent provisions, to the competent authorities for the
administration of survey and drawing under the State Council or to the
competent authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under
the people's governments of various provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government, a catalogue or its
duplicate listing the following achievements:
(1) a catalogue and its duplicate (one copy of each) of the data and
pictures from astronomical survey, geodetic survey, geodetic survey
completed on artificial satellites, and gravitational survey;
(2) a catalogue (one copy) of the data, recorded on negatives and magnetic
tapes, that are collected from aerial survey and airborne remote sensing
survey;
(3) a catalogue (one copy) of topographic maps, ordinary maps, land
registry maps, sea charts, and other important specialized maps;
(4) various kinds of officially printed maps (in duplicate);
(5) a catalogue (one copy) of the data and pictures collected from survey
of important engineering projects.
Article 8
The achievements - made in survey and drawing by foreigners independently
or in cooperation with the departments concerned of the People's Republic
of China, within the territory of the People's Republic of China, or
outside the land territory of China, in the sea areas that are under the
jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China, with the approval of the
government of the People's Republic of China or the approval of a
department authorized by it - shall be administered in accordance with
these Provisions. The proprietary rights of the aforesaid achievements
are stipulated as follows:
(1) the achievements made in survey and drawing by foreigners
independently or in cooperation with the departments concerned of the
People's Republic of China within the territory of the People's Republic
of China shall all belong to the People's Republic of China;
(2) the achievements made in survey and drawing by foreigners in
cooperation with the departments concerned of the People's Republic of
China, outside the land territory of China, in the sea areas under the
jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China shall, on the premise of
not violating these Provisions, be shared between the two parties
concerned in accordance with the stipulations in the relevant contract;
(3) with respect to those achievements made in survey and drawing by
foreigners independently outside the land territory of the People's
Republic of China, in the sea areas under the jurisdiction of the People's
Republic of China, the aforesaid foreigners must provide the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing of the People's
Republic of China with a duplicate or a reproduction of all the
achievements made in their survey and drawing.
Article 9
Where a unit has the necessity to make use of the achievements in basic
survey and drawing made by other provinces, autonomous regions, or
municipalities directly under the Central Government, the said unit shall
go through the procedures for the use of the aforesaid achievements in
survey and drawing by presenting an official letter written by the
competent authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and
drawing of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under
the Central Government where the unit is located, to the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the
Central Government where the achievements have been made.
Where a unit has the necessity to make use of the achievements in
specialized survey and drawing of other provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government, the case shall be
handled in accordance with the procedures stipulated by the department,
under whose administration the aforesaid achievements in specialized
survey and drawing are placed.
Article 10
Where a military department has the necessity to make use of the
achievements in survey and drawing made by government departments, the
case shall be handled in a unified manner by the competent authorities for
the administration of achievements in survey and drawing under the
Headquarters of the General Staff, or by the competent authorities for the
administration of achievements in survey and drawing under military region
or the services, in cooperation with the competent authorities for the
administration of achievements in survey and drawing under the people's
governments of the various provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government. Where a government
department or a unit has the necessity to make use of the achievements in
survey and drawing made by military departments, the case shall be handled
by the competent authorities for the administration of achievements in
survey and drawing under the State Council, or by the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
under the people's governments of the various provinces, autonomous
regions, or municipalities directly under Central Government, in
cooperation with the competent authorities for the administration of
achievements in survey and drawing under the Headquarters of the General
Staff, or with the competent authorities for the administration of
achievements in survey and drawing under military region or the services.
Article 11
The competent authorities for the administration of achievements in survey
and drawing shall be responsible for the quality control and
administration of the achievements in survey and drawing made within the
boundaries of their own administrative areas. The achievements in survey
and drawing made by the various departments and units concerned must be
subject to the procedures for checking up and acceptance; and only those
which are up to the standard shall be provided for use.
Article 12
The provisions of achievements in survey and drawing shall be non-
gratuitous. The procedures and the rate of fees for the non-gratuitous
provision of achievements in survey and drawing shall be stipulated
separately, after consultation with the administrative department for the
achievements in survey and drawing in question, by the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
under the State Council in conjunction with the competent authorities for
the administration of commodity prices.
Article 13
Achievements in survey and drawing shall not be duplicated, transferred or
lent out without permission. Where it is truly necessary to duplicate,
transfer or lend out achievements in survey and drawing, the approval from
the department that is to provide the needed achievements in survey and
drawing must be obtained; where the classified achievements in survey and
drawing are duplicated, they must be subjected to the administration
corresponding to the original security class.
As regards achievements in survey and drawing made through entrustment by
unit, the trustee unit may not duplicate, reprint, transfer, or publish
the said achievements without the permission of the entrusting unit.
Article 14
When a department concerned under the State Council provides a foreign
party with achievements in survey and drawing of the People's Republic of
China that have not yet become open, the said department must submit the
case, for approval, to the competent authorities for the administration of
achievements in survey and drawing. When a local department or unit
concerned provides a foreign party with achievements in survey and drawing
of the People's Republic of China that have not yet become open, the said
department or unit must submit the case, for approval, to the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
under the people's government of a province, an autonomous region, or a
municipality directly under the Central Government. In order to safeguard
the security and secrets of important military installations, the specific
measures for all units which submit for examinations any achievements in
survey and drawing to be provided for the use of a foreign party and that
have not yet become open shall comply with the pertinent provisions of the
State Council.
Article 15
The important geographical data (including position, altitude, depth,
area, and length) collected in the territory of the People's Republic of
China and in the sea areas under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic
of China, shall be submitted, for examination and verification, to the
competent authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and
drawing under the State Council, and then to the State Council for
approval before they are published by the State Council or by its
authorized agencies.
Article 16
Units and individuals that have made great contributions to, or achieved
remarkable results in, the administration of achievements in survey and
drawing shall be commended or rewarded.
Article 17
If the inferior quality of the achievements in survey and drawing has
resulted in losses on the part of the user, the unit that has undertaken
the said survey and drawing shall compensate for the direct economic
losses mentioned above, and be responsible for conducting supplementary
survey and drawing; if the case is serious, the competent authorities for
the administration of achievements in survey and drawing shall impose a
fine on the said unit or revoke its corresponding qualifications for
survey and drawing.
Article 18
Any unit that has committed one of the following acts shall be given
administrative sanctions in accordance with the following provisions:
(1) with respect to a unit which, in violation of the state provisions on
the rate of fees for the provision of achievements in survey and drawing,
has raised and collected without authorization the charges for
achievements in survey and drawing, the illegal gains of the said unit
shall be confiscated in accordance with the provisions of the Regulations
of the People's Republic of China on the Control of Prices, and a fine
equal to 3 to 5 times the said illegal gains may be imposed concurrently;
(2) with respect to a unit which has been held responsible for a major
divulgence of classified achievements in survey and drawing, the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
shall issue a circular criticizing the said unit, and the responsibilities
of the person-in-charge of the said unit shall be investigated in
accordance with the provisions of Article 19 of these Provisions;
(3) with respect to a unit which has duplicated, transferred, or lent out
achievements in survey and drawing without the approval from the
department that provides the said achievements, the competent authorities
for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing shall issue a
circular criticizing the said unit, and a fine may also be imposed
concurrently.
Article 19
An individual who has committed any of the following acts shall be given
administrative sanction by the unit where he/she works, or by its higher
competent authorities; if the act has constituted a crime, the criminal
responsibilities of the offender shall be investigated by judicial organs
according to law:
(1) an individual who has lost classified achievements in survey and
drawing, or who is held responsible for the divulgence of secret
achievements in survey and drawing;
(2) an individual who, in violation of the stipulation in Article 14 of
these Provisions regarding the procedures for examination and approval,
has provided without permission a foreign party with achievements in
survey and drawing that have not yet become open;
(3) the administrative personnel who have failed to carry out their duties
in safeguarding achievements in survey and drawing and caused great losses
or damage to the achievements in survey and drawing; or they have
provided, without permission, those achievements that have not yet become
open;
(4) an individual who has lost achievements in survey and drawing or
divulged secrets in this regard and caused serious consequences, and the
person-in-charge of the unit who fails to investigate and deal with such
incidents.
Article 20
If a party concerned refuses to accept the decision on administrative
sanction, he/she may, within 15 days from the next day of the receipt of
the notification on the administrative sanction, apply for reconsideration
to the competent administrative department at a higher level than the
department that has made the said administrative sanction; if the said
party does not accept the decision made after the reconsideration, he/she
may, within 15 days from the next day of the receipt of the
reconsideration decision, bring a suit before a people's court; the party
concerned may also directly bring a suit before a people's court within 15
days beginning from the second day of the receipt of the sanction
decision; if the party concerned neither brings a suit before the court,
nor carries out the sanction decision, the competent administrative
department that made the sanction decision shall apply to the people's
court for compulsory enforcement.
Article 21
The people's governments of the provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government, the departments
concerned under the State Council, and the armed forces may formulate
rules for the implementation of these Provisions in accordance with these
Provisions and in the light of their respective conditions.
Article 22
The rights to interpret these Provisions shall reside in the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under the State
Council.
Article 23
These Provisions shall go into effect on May 1, 1989.


南宁市城市管理相对集中行政处罚实施办法

广西壮族自治区南宁市人民政府


南宁市人民政府令第40号


  《南宁市城市管理相对集中行政处罚实施办法》已经2011年3月8日第十二届市人民政府第112次常务会议审议通过,现予公布,自2011年6月1日起施行。

            市长:黄方方

二〇一一年四月十三日


南宁市城市管理相对集中行政处罚实施办法


第一章 总则

  第一条 为加强城市管理,规范相对集中行政处罚行为,根据《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》、《广西壮族自治区行政执法程序规定》、《广西壮族自治区行政执法监督办法》等有关规定,结合本市实际,制定本办法。

  第二条 本市所辖城区范围内的城市管理相对集中行政处罚权工作,适用本办法。

  本办法所称城市管理相对集中行政处罚权,是指依照《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》和国务院的有关规定,由城市管理综合行政执法机关依法集中行使相关行政管理部门在城市管理领域全部或者部分的行政处罚权。

  第三条 市、城区人民政府领导、协调城市管理相对集中行政处罚权工作。

  市、城区人民政府法制工作机构是本级人民政府行政执法监督机构,依法对城市管理综合行政执法机关的行政执法行为进行监督。

  第四条 市、城区城市管理综合行政执法机关是行使城市管理相对集中行政处罚权的行政机关。

  市城市管理综合行政执法机关组织协调重大行政执法活动,根据本办法规定查处违法行为,并指导、监督城区行使城市管理相对集中行政处罚权工作。

  城区城市管理综合行政执法机关负责本辖区内的相对集中行政处罚权工作,依法独立履行职责。

  开发区管委会根据法规授权行使城市管理相对集中行政处罚权。

  园林、规划、环保、工商、公安交通、建设等有关行政管理部门应当根据各自职责协助做好城市管理相对集中行政处罚权工作。

第二章 执法职责和管辖

  第五条 城市管理综合行政执法机关依照法律、法规、规章规定行使下列行政处罚权:

  (一)市容环境卫生管理方面的行政处罚权;

  (二)市政设施维护管理方面的行政处罚权;

  (三)城市广场管理方面的行政处罚权;

  (四)园林绿化管理方面对在公园外、单位庭院外和居住区外侵占城市绿地、损害园林绿化行为的行政处罚权;

  (五)城乡规划管理方面对未经规划部门许可的违法建设行为的行政处罚权;

  (六)环境保护管理方面对在城市建成区内人口集中区露天烧烤食品等行为的行政处罚权;

  (七)工商行政管理方面对合法经营场所外无工商营业执照的经营行为的行政处罚权;

  (八)公安交通管理方面对机动车、非机动车违法占用人行道行为的行政处罚权;

  (九)经自治区人民政府批准实施的其他行政处罚权。

  第六条 城市管理综合行政执法机关集中行使行政处罚权的具体职责范围由市人民政府向社会公布。

  城市管理综合行政执法机关和相关行政管理部门不得自行对相对集中行政处罚权的范围进行调整。

  第七条 已由城市管理综合行政执法机关集中行使的行政处罚权,原行政管理部门不得再行使;仍然行使的,作出的行政处罚决定无效,并承担相应的法律责任。

  城市管理综合行政执法机关与相关行政管理部门就行政职责、管辖范围发生争议的,由市或者相关城区人民政府负责处理。

  第八条 相对集中行政处罚案件由违法行为地的城区城市管理综合行政执法机关负责查处。

  市城市管理综合行政执法机关负责查处有重大影响的案件。

  第九条 违法案件有以下情形之一的,由市城市管理综合行政执法机关指定管辖,或者直接查处:

  (一)城区城市管理综合行政执法机关之间对管辖权发生争议的;

  (二)应当由城区城市管理综合行政执法机关查处而未予查处的。

  对跨城区的违法案件,违法行为地城区城市管理综合行政执法机关可予立案处理,立案后发现其他相关城区已予立案的,案件由先予立案的城区城市管理综合行政执法机关处理。对管辖有争议的,按照前款规定确定管辖权。

第三章 执法规范和程序

  第十条 城市管理综合行政执法机关应当加强执法队伍规范化、法制化建设,加强培训教育工作,提高城市管理的执法水平。

  第十一条 城市管理综合行政执法机关应当依据《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》和《广西壮族自治区行政执法程序规定》等行政执法程序规定,实施行政调查权、行政处罚权和行政强制权。

  第十二条 城市管理综合行政执法机关查处违法行为时,可以依法行使下列职权:

  (一)因办案需要,有权进入被检查单位或者现场进行调查、检查;

  (二)询问当事人、证明人,并可以要求其提供有关证明材料;

  (三)查阅、调阅、复制、拍摄、录制有关证据材料,抽样取证或者先行登记保存有关证据;

  (四)扣押与违法行为相关的物品或者工具,并通知当事人在限定的时间内到指定地点接受处理;

  (五)法律、法规、规章规定的其他措施。

  第十三条 城市管理综合行政执法机关实施查封、扣押措施的,应当依照法律、法规及规章规定的条件、程序和期限执行,并妥善保管查封、扣押的物品,不得使用或者损毁。

  对鲜活产品、易腐烂变质和其他不易保存的查封、扣押物品,可以在采取证据保全措施后先行拍卖或者变卖。

  第十四条 城市管理综合行政执法机关实施查封、扣押后,应当及时查清事实,在法定期限内作出处理决定。对于违法事实清楚,依法应当没收的物品,予以没收;依法应当销毁的,予以销毁。经调查核实没有违法行为或者当事人已履行行政处理决定的,应当立即解除查封、扣押,返还财物;查封、扣押物品属违法违禁物品的,移交有关部门依法处理;依照第十三条第二款已先行拍卖或者变卖的,应当返还拍卖或者变卖所得的全部价款。

  城市管理综合行政执法机关将查封、扣押的财物退还当事人的,应当通知当事人领取;当事人不明的,应当在其政务网站和指定公告栏发布招领公告,公告期限不得少三十日。当事人拒绝领取或者公告期满后无人认领的,城市管理综合行政执法机关应当依法处理有关财物。

  第十五条 当事人不履行行政处罚决定或者未按规定接受调查的,城市管理综合行政执法机关应当通过公告告知当事人在三十日内到指定地点接受调查或者处理;逾期仍未接受调查或者处理的,城市管理综合行政执法机关可以对查封、扣押物品进行拍卖、变卖或者按国家相关规定处理。

  第十六条 拍卖、变卖的物品应当符合产品质量标准、食品卫生标准,所得价款应当上缴国库,拍卖、变卖前应当进行登记。

  无法拍卖、变卖的,可以在登记后销毁,销毁过程应当通过拍照或者录(摄)像予以记录。拍卖、变卖和销毁查封、扣押物品的记录,应当每六个月报同级财政部门备案一次。

  第十七条 城市管理综合行政执法人员应当具备行政执法资格。查处违法行为时,应当统一着装、佩戴城市管理执法标志,出示行政执法证件。

  第十八条 城市管理综合行政执法机关作出行政处罚决定前,应当告知当事人作出行政处罚决定的事实、理由及依据,并应当告知当事人依法享有的权利,听取当事人的陈述、申辩。当事人陈述、申辩所提出的事实、理由以及证据成立的,城市管理综合行政执法机关应当采纳。

  城市管理综合行政执法机关不得因当事人陈述、申辩而加重处罚。

  符合听证要求且当事人要求听证的,城市管理综合行政执法机关应当依法组织听证。

  第十九条 城市管理综合行政执法机关在查处违法案件过程中发现当事人的违法行为对公共财物造成损害应当承担赔偿责任的,应当在作出行政处罚决定后将相关材料移交相关行政管理部门依法处理。

第四章 执法协作与监督

  第二十条 市、城区人民政府应当建立健全城市管理相对集中行政处罚权工作协调机制,加强城市管理综合行政执法机关和相关行政管理部门之间的行政执法协作,保障城市管理相对集中行政处罚权工作有效实施。

  城市管理综合行政执法机关和相关行政管理部门应当建立健全城市管理和执法信息互通共享机制,及时通报相关行政许可、监督管理、行政处罚等情况。

  相关行政管理部门应当配合城市管理综合行政执法机关做好与查处违法案件相关调查取证、资料查询、技术鉴定和监测等工作。

  第二十一条 城市管理综合行政执法机关在执法过程中,发现违法行为不属于本部门管辖范围的,应当告知或者移送有管辖权的部门处理。

  相关行政管理部门在日常监督管理中发现原由其执行但已纳入相对集中行政处罚权范围的违法行为的,应当立即告知城市管理综合行政执法机关,并采取有效措施保护违法行为现场。现场难以保护或者证据难以保存的,相关行政管理部门应当进行调查取证或者采取对证据先行登记等措施,并及时将案件及相关材料移交有管辖权的城市管理综合行政执法机关处理。

  城市管理综合行政执法机关应当及时查处移交的案件,并在案件办结后七个工作日内将处理结果反馈相关行政管理部门。

  第二十二条 行政执法监督机构对本级城市管理综合行政执法机关的行政执法事项进行监督,并对下级城市管理综合行政执法机关实施的有较大影响的行政执法事项进行监督。

  第二十三条 城市管理综合行政执法机关发现相关行政管理部门违法行使已实施相对集中的行政处罚权,或者未依法予以配合协助的,可以直接向相关部门提出书面建议,也可以请求本级人民政府行政执法监督机构督促其纠正。

  相关行政管理部门发现城市管理综合行政执法机关不依法履行相对集中行政处罚权的法定职责或者处罚不当的,可以向其提出书面建议,或者提请本级人民政府行政执法监督机构督促其纠正。

  第二十四条 市城市管理综合行政执法机关应当建立健全行使相对集中行政处罚权的层级监督制度,实行行政执法质量考核评议、执法过错追究制度,规范行政裁量权,督促城区城市管理综合行政执法机关及其执法人员依法履行职责。

第五章 法律责任

  第二十五条 城市管理综合行政执法机关的执法人员有下列行为之一的,由行政监察机关或者有关单位对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依法给予行政处分;涉嫌犯罪的,移送司法机关依法追究刑事责任:

  (一)无法定依据,或者违反法定程序执法的;

  (二)使用暴力、威胁等手段执法的;

  (三)故意损坏或者违反规定销毁当事人财物的;

  (四)截留、挪用、私分或者变相私分罚没财物,或者使用先行登记保存、扣押的物品的;

  (五)利用职务上的便利,索取或者收受他人财物的;

  (六)未经举报人同意,泄漏举报人信息,情节严重的;

  (七)对发现的违法行为不依法查处或者不制止,情节严重的;

  (八)其他滥用职权、玩忽职守、徇私舞弊的行为,致使公共利益、公民、法人或者其他组织的合法权益遭受损害的。

  第二十六条 城市管理综合行政执法机关及其执法人员违法行使职权对公民、法人或者其他组织的合法权益造成损害的,应当依法承担赔偿责任。

  第二十七条 当事人对城市管理综合行政执法机关作出的行政处罚决定不服的,可以依法申请行政复议或者提起行政诉讼。

  第二十八条 阻碍城市管理综合行政执法机关依法执行公务,违反社会治安管理规定的,由公安机关依法查处;构成犯罪的,依法追究其刑事责任。

第六章 附则

  第二十九条 市辖县的城市管理相对集中行政处罚权工作,按照法定程序报经批准后,参照本办法执行。

  第三十条 本实施办法自2011年6月1日起施行。《南宁市相对集中行政处罚实施办法》(2001年5月21日市人民政府令第3号发布,根据2003年6月13日《市人民政府关于修改<南宁市相对集中行政处罚实施办法>的决定》第一次修正,根据2004年8月7日《市人民政府关于修改<南宁市相对集中行政处罚实施办法>的决定》第二次修正)同时废止。